Judith
In this poem, the biblical book of Judith (considered canonical by the Catholic Church but not by Protestants) has been recast in an unmistakably Anglo-Saxon mould, and with the characteristic theme that God rewards those who believe and trust in him with victory, glory and wealth.
The missing beginning of the poem presumably followed, in greater or lesser detail, the biblical account in telling how Holofernes, a general of the Assyrian army, has besieged the Judean city of Bethulia, whose leaders are preparing to surrender when Judith, a widow, ventures with a single maidservant to the Assyrian encampment. She pretends to defect and stays with the Assyrians for three days. By the fourth day, Holofernes is inflamed with desire for the beautiful widow, and here our fragment begins.
For an edition with in-depth commentary and glossary, see Mark Griffith, Judith (Exeter, 1997). Interested students may wish to consult other treatments of the story by the Anglo-Saxon writers Aldhelm (in Latin, translated by Michael Lapidge and Michael Herren, Aldhelm: The Prose Works (Ipswich and Cambridge, 1979), pp. 126-7, and Michael Lapidge and James L. Rosier, Aldhelm: The Poetic Works (Cambridge, 1985), p. 159) and Ælfric (ed. Bruno Assmann, Angelsächsische Homilien und Heiligenleben (1889; repr. Darmstadt, 1964), pp. 102-16). All who read this poem should also read the biblical book, available in Bibles published under Catholic auspices and also in separate editions of the Old Testament Apocrypha.
twēode
ġifena
in
ðȳs
ġinnan
grunde.
Hēo ðār ðā
ġearwe
funde
mundbyrd
æt ðām
mǣran
Þēodne
þā hēo
āhte
mǣste
þearfe,
hyldo
þæs
hēhstan
Dēman,
þæt hē hīe wið þæs
hēhstan
brōgan
5
ġefriðode,
frymða
Waldend.
Hyre
ðæs
Fæder
on
roderum
torhtmōd
tīðe
ġefremede,
þe
hēo
āhte
trumne
ġelēafan
ā
tō ðām
ælmihtigan.
Ġefræġen
iċ ðā
Hōlofernus
wīnhātan
wyrċean
ġeorne
ond eallum
wundrum
þrymliċ
ġirwan
ūp
swǣsendo.
Tō ðām
hēt
se
gumena
baldor
10
ealle ðā
yldestan
ðeġnas.
Hīe ðæt
ofstum
miċlum
ræfndon
rondwiġġende,
cōmon
tō ðām
rīċan
þēodne
fēran,
folces
rǣswan.
Þæt wæs
þȳ
fēorðan
dōgore
þæs ðe
Iūdith
hyne,
glēaw
on
ġeðonce
ides
ælfscīnu,
ǣrest
ġesōhte.
.X.
15
Hīe ðā tō ðām
symle
sittan
ēodon
wlance
tō
wīnġedrince
ealle his
wēaġesīðas,
bealde
byrnwiġġende.
Þǣr wǣron
bollan
stēape
boren
æfter
benċum
ġelōme,
swylċe ēac
būnan
ond
orcas
fulle
fletsittendum.
Hīe þæt
fǣġe
þēgon
20
rōfe
rondwiġġende,
þēah ðæs se
rīċa
ne
wēnde
eġesful
eorla
dryhten.
Ðā
wearð
Hōlofernus,
goldwine
gumena
on
gytesālum,
hlōh
ond
hlȳdde,
hlynede
ond
dynede,
þæt
mihten
fīra
bearn
feorran
ġehȳran
25
hū se
stīðmōda
styrmde
ond
ġylede
mōdiġ
ond
medugāl,
manode
ġeneahhe
benċsittende
þæt hī
ġebǣrdon
wel.
Swā se
inwidda
ofer
ealne
dæġ
dryhtguman
sīne
drenċte
mid
wīne
30
swīðmōd
sinces
brytta,
oð þæt hīe on
swīman
lāgon,
oferdrenċte
his
duguðe
ealle
swylċe hīe wǣron
dēaðe
ġesleġene,
āgotene
gōda
ġehwylċes.
Swā hēt se
gumena
aldor
fylġan
fletsittendum
oð þæt
fīra
bearnum
nēalǣhte
niht
sēo
þȳstre.
Hēt ðā
nīða
ġeblonden
35
þā
ēadigan
mæġð
ofstum
fetiġan
tō his
bedreste
bēagum
ġehlæste,
hringum
ġehrodene.
Hīe
hraðe
fremedon
anbyhtscealcas
swā him heora
ealdor
bebēad
byrnwiġena
brego,
bearhtme
stōpon
40
tō ðām
ġysterne
þǣr hīe
Iūdithðe
fundon
ferhðglēawe,
ond ðā
fromlīċe
lindwiġġende
lǣdan
ongunnon
þā
torhtan
mæġð
tō
træfe
þām
hēan
þǣr se
rīca
hyne
reste
on
symbel
45
nihtes
inne,
Nerġende
lāð
Hōlofernus.
Þǣr wæs
eallgylden
flēohnet
fæġer
ymbe þæs
folctogan
bed
āhongen
þæt se
bealofulla
mihte
wlītan
þurh,
wiġena
baldor
50
on
ǣġhwylċne
þe
ðǣrinne
cōm
hæleða
bearna,
ond on hyne
nǣniġ
monna
cynnes,
nymðe
se
mōdiga
hwæne
nīðe
rōfra
him
þe
nēar
hēte
rinca
tō
rūne
ġegangan.
Hīe ðā on
reste
ġebrōhton
55
snūde
ðā
snoteran
idese;
ēodon
ðā
stercedferhðe,
hæleð
heora
hearran
cȳðan
þæt wæs sēo
hāliġe
mēowle
ġebrōht
on his
būrġetelde.
Þā wearð se
brēma
on
mōde
blīðe
burga
ealdor,
þōhte
ðā
beorhtan
idese
mid
wīdle
ond mid
womme
besmītan.
Ne wolde þæt
wuldres
Dēma
60
ġeðafian
þrymmes
Hyrde,
ac hē him þæs
ðinges
ġestȳrde
Dryhten,
dugeða
Waldend.
Ġewāt
ðā se
dēofulcunda,
gālferhð
gumena
* * *
ðrēate,
bealofull
his
beddes
nēosan,
þǣr hē sceolde his
blǣd
forlēosan
ǣdre
binnan
ānre
nihte.
Hæfde ðā his
ende
ġebidenne
65
on eorðan
unswǣslicne,
swylċne
hē ǣr
æfter
worhte
þearlmōd
ðēoden
gumena
þenden
hē on
ðysse
worulde
wunode
under
wolcna
hrōfe.
Ġefēol
ðā
wīne
swā
druncen
se
rīċa
on his
reste
middan
swā
hē
nyste
rǣda
nānne
on
ġewitlocan.
Wiġġend
stōpon
70
ūt of ðām
inne
ofstum
miċlum,
weras
wīnsade
þe ðone
wǣrlogan,
lāðne
lēodhatan,
lǣddon
tō
bedde
nēhstan
sīðe.
Þā wæs
Nerġendes
þēowen
þrymful,
þearle
ġemyndiġ
75
hū hēo þone
atolan
ēaðost
mihte
ealdre
benǣman
ǣr se
unsȳfra,
womfull
onwōce.
Ġenam
ðā
wundenlocc
Scyppendes
mæġð
scearpne
mēċe,
scūrum
heardne
ond of
scēaðe
ābrǣd
80
swīðran
folme.
Ongan
ðā
sweġles
Weard
be
naman
nemnan,
Nerġend
ealra
woruldbūendra,
ond þæt
word
ācwæð:
"Iċ ðē,
frymða
God
ond
frōfre
Gǣst,
Bearn
Alwaldan,
biddan
wylle
85
miltse
þīnre
mē
þearfendre,
Ðrȳnesse
Ðrym.
Þearle
ys mē nū ðā
heorte
onhǣted
ond
hiġe
ġeōmor,
swȳðe mid
sorgum
ġedrēfed.
Forġif
mē,
sweġles
Ealdor,
sigor
ond
sōðne
ġelēafan,
þæt iċ mid
þȳs
sweorde
mōte
90
ġehēawan
þysne
morðres
bryttan.
Ġeunne
mē
mīnra
ġesynta,
þearlmōd
Þēoden
gumena.
Nāhte
iċ
þīnre
nǣfre
miltse
þon
māran
þearfe.
Ġewrec
nū,
mihtiġ
Dryhten,
torhtmōd
tīres
Brytta,
þæt mē ys þus
torne
on
mōde,
hāte
on
hreðre
mīnum."
Hī ðā se
hēhsta
Dēma
95
ǣdre
mid
elne
onbryrde,
swā hē
dēð
ānra
ġehwylċne
hērbūendra
þe hyne him tō
helpe
sēċeð
mid
rǣde
ond mid
rihte
ġelēafan.
Þā wearð hyre
rūme
on
mōde
hāliġre
hyht
ġenīwod.
Ġenam
ðā þone
hǣðenan
mannan
fæste
be
feaxe
sīnum,
tēah
hyne
folmum
wið hyre
weard
100
bysmerlīċe
ond þone
bealofullan
listum
ālēde
lāðne
mannan,
swā hēo ðæs
unlǣdan
ēaðost
mihte
wel
ġewealdan.
Slōh
ðā
wundenlocc
þone
fēondsceaðan
fāgum
mēċe,
105
heteþoncolne,
þæt hēo
healfne
forċearf
þone
swēoran
him,
þæt hē on
swīman
læġ,
druncen
ond
dolhwund.
Næs ðā
dēad
þā
ġȳt,
ealles
orsāwle;
slōh
ðā
eornoste
ides
ellenrōf
ōðre
sīðe
110
þone
hǣðenan
hund
þæt him þæt
hēafod
wand
forð on ðā
flōre.
Læġ
se
fūla
lēap
gēsne
beæftan;
gǣst
ellor
hwearf
under
neowelne
næs
ond
ðǣr
ġenyðerad
wæs,
sūsle
ġesǣled
syððan ǣfre
115
wyrmum
bewunden,
wītum
ġebunden,
hearde
ġehæfted
in
helle
bryne
æfter
hinsīðe.
Ne
ðearf
hē
hopian
nō,
þȳstrum
forðylmed,
þæt hē
ðonan
mōte
of ðām
wyrmsele,
ac ðǣr
wunian
sceal
120
āwa
tō
aldre
būtan
ende
forð
in ðām
heolstran
hām,
hyhtwynna
lēas.
.XI.
Hæfde ðā
ġefohten
foremǣrne
blǣd
Iūdith
æt
gūðe,
swā hyre God
ūðe
sweġles
Ealdor,
þe hyre
sigores
onlēah.
125
Þā sēo
snotere
mæġð
snūde
ġebrōhte
þæs
herewǣðan
hēafod
swā
blōdiġ
on ðām
fǣtelse
þe hyre
foregenġa,
blāchlēor
ides,
hyra
bēġea
nest,
ðēawum
ġeðungen,
þyder
on
lǣdde,
130
ond hit þā swā
heolfriġ
hyre on
hond
āġeaf
hiġeðoncolre
hām
tō
berenne,
Iūdith
ġingran
sīnre.
Ēodon ðā
ġeġnum
þanonne
þā
idesa
bā
ellenþrīste,
oð þæt
hīe
becōmon
collenferhðe,
135
ēadhrēðiġe
mæġð,
ūt of ðām
heriġe,
þæt hīe
sweotollīċe
ġesēon
mihten
þǣre
wlitegan
byriġ
weallas
blīcan,
Bēthūliam.
Hīe ðā
bēahhrodene
fēðelāste
forð
ōnettan
140
oð
hīe
glædmōde
ġegān
hæfdon
tō ðām
wealgate.
Wiġġend
sǣton
weras
wæċċende,
wearde
hēoldon
in ðām
fæstenne,
swā ðām
folce
ǣr
ġeōmormōdum
Iūdith
bebēad
145
searoðoncol
mæġð,
þā hēo on
sīð
ġewāt
ides
ellenrōf.
Wæs ðā eft
cumen
lēof
tō
lēodum,
ond ðā
lungre
hēt
glēawhydiġ
wīf
gumena
sumne
of ðǣre
ġinnan
byriġ
hyre
tōġēanes
gān
150
ond hī
ofostlīċe
in
forlǣtan
þurh ðæs
wealles
ġeat,
ond þæt
word
ācwæð
tō ðām
siġefolce:
"Iċ ēow
secgan
mæġ
þoncwyrðe
þing,
þæt ġē ne
þyrfen
lenġ
murnan
on
mōde.
Ēow ys
Metod
blīðe
155
cyninga
Wuldor;
þæt
ġecȳðed
wearð
ġeond
woruld
wīde
þæt ēow ys
wuldorblǣd
torhtliċ
tōweard
ond
tīr
ġifeðe
þāra
lǣðða
þe ġē
lange
drugon."
Þā
wurdon
blīðe
burhsittende
160
syððan hī
ġehȳrdon
hū sēo
hāliġe
spræc
ofer
hēanne
weall.
Here
wæs
on
lustum.
Wið þæs
fæstenġeates
folc
ōnette,
weras
wīf
somod,
wornum
ond
hēapum,
ðrēatum
ond
ðrymmum
þrungon
ond
urnon
165
onġēan
ðā
Þēodnes
mæġð
þūsendmǣlum,
ealde
ġe
ġeonge.
Ǣġhwylċum
wearð
men on ðǣre
medobyriġ
mōd
ārēted
syððan hīe
onġēaton
þæt wæs
Iūdith
cumen
eft tō
ēðle,
ond
ðā
ofostlīċe
170
hīe mid
ēaðmēdum
in
forlēton.
Þā sēo
glēawe
hēt,
golde
ġefrætewod,
hyre
ðīnenne
þancolmōde
þæs
herewǣðan
hēafod
onwrīðan
ond hyt tō
bēhðe
blōdiġ
ætȳwan
175
þām
burhlēodum,
hū hyre æt
beaduwe
ġespēow.
Spræc
ðā sēo
æðele
tō eallum þām
folce:
"Hēr ġē
magon
sweotole,
siġerōfe
hæleð,
lēoda
rǣswan,
on ðæs
lāðestan
hǣðenes
heaðorinces
hēafod
starian,
180
Hōlofernus
unlyfiġendes,
þe ūs monna
mǣst
morðra
ġefremede
sārra
sorga,
ond þæt
swȳðor
ġȳt
ȳċan
wolde;
ac him ne
ūðe
God
lenġran
līfes,
þæt hē mid
lǣððum
ūs
185
eġlan
mōste.
Iċ him
ealdor
oðþrong
þurh Godes
fultum.
Nū iċ
gumena
ġehwæne
þyssa
burglēoda
biddan
wylle
randwiġġendra,
þæt ġē
recene
ēow
fȳsan
tō
ġefeohte
syððan
frymða
God,
190
ārfæst
Cyning,
ēastan
sende
lēohtne
lēoman.
Berað
linde
forð,
bord
for
brēostum
ond
byrnhomas,
scīre
helmas
in
sceaðena
ġemong.
Fyllað
folctogan
fāgum
sweordum
195
fǣġe
frumgāras.
Fȳnd
syndon
ēowere
ġedēmed
tō
dēaðe,
ond ġē
dōm
āgon
tīr
æt
tohtan,
swā ēow
ġetācnod
hafað
mihtiġ
Dryhten
þurh mīne
hand."
Þā wearð
snelra
werod
snūde
ġeġearewod
200
cēnra
tō
campe.
Stōpon
cynerōfe
secgas
ond
ġesīðas,
bǣron
siġeþūfas,
fōron
tō
ġefeohte
forð on
ġerihte
hæleð
under
helmum
of ðǣre
hāligan
byriġ
on
ðæt
dæġrēd
sylf.
Dynedan
scildas
205
hlūde
hlummon.
Þæs se
hlanca
ġefeah
wulf
in
walde
ond se
wanna
hrefn,
wælġīfre
fugel;
wiston
bēġen
þæt him ðā
þēodguman
þōhton
tilian
fylle
on
fǣgum.
Ac him
flēah
on
lāst
210
earn
ǣtes
ġeorn,
ūriġfeðera,
salowiġpāda
sang
hildelēoð
hyrnednebba.
Stōpon
heaðorincas,
beornas
tō
beadowe,
bordum
beðeahte
hwealfum
lindum,
þā ðe
hwīle
ǣr
215
elðēodiġra
edwit
þoledon
hǣðenra
hosp.
Him þæt
hearde
wearð
æt ðām
æscplegan
eallum
forgolden
Assȳrium,
syððan
Ebrēas
under
gūðfanum
ġegān
hæfdon
220
tō ðām
fyrdwīcum.
Hīe ðā
fromlīċe
lēton
forð
flēogan
flāna
scūras,
hildenǣdran
of
hornbogan
strǣlas
stedehearde.
Styrmdon
hlūde
grame
gūðfrecan,
gāras
sendon
225
in
heardra
ġemang.
Hæleð
wǣron
yrre,
landbūende
lāðum
cynne,
stōpon
styrnmōde,
stercedferhðe,
wrehton
unsōfte
ealdġenīðlan
medowēriġe.
Mundum
brugdon
230
scealcas
of
sceaðum
scīrmǣled
swyrd,
ecgum
ġecoste,
slōgon
eornoste
Assiria
ōretmæcgas;
nīðhycgende
nānne
ne
sparedon
þæs
herefolces,
hēanne
ne
rīċne,
235
cwicera
manna
þe hīe
ofercuman
mihton.
.XII.
Swā ðā
magoþeġnas
on ðā
morgentīd
ēhton
elðēoda
ealle
þrāge
oð þæt
onġēaton
ðā ðe
grame
wǣron,
ðæs
herefolces
hēafodweardas
240
þæt him
swyrdġeswing
swīðliċ
ēowdon
weras
Ebrisce.
Hīe
wordum
þæt
þām
yldestan
ealdorþeġnum
cȳðan
ēodon,
wrehton
cumbolwigan
ond him
forhtlīċe
fǣrspel
bodedon,
245
medowērigum
morgencollan,
atolne
ecgplegan.
Þā iċ
ǣdre
ġefræġn
sleġefǣġe
hæleð
slǣpe
tōbrēdan
ond wið þæs
bealofullan
būrġeteldes
wēriġferhðe
hwearfum
þringan,
250
Hōlofernus.
Hogedon
āninga
hyra
hlāforde
hilde
bodian
ǣr ðon ðe
him se
eġesa
onufan
sǣte
mæġen
Ebrēa.
Mynton
ealle
þæt se
beorna
brego
ond sēo
beorhte
mæġð
255
in ðām
wlitegan
træfe
wǣron ætsomne,
Iūdith
sēo
æðele
ond se
gālmōda,
eġesfull
ond
āfor.
Næs
ðēah
eorla
nān
þe ðone
wiġġend
āweċċan
dorste
oððe
ġecunnian
hū ðone
cumbolwigan
260
wið ðā
hālgan
mæġð
hæfde
ġeworden,
Metodes
mēowlan.
Mæġen
nēalǣhte
folc
Ebrēa,
fuhton
þearle
heardum
heoruwǣpnum,
hæfte
guldon
hyra
fyrnġeflitu,
fāgum
swyrdum
265
ealde
æfðoncan;
Assȳria
wearð
on ðām
dæġeweorce
dōm
ġeswiðrod,
bælċ
forbīġed.
Beornas
stōdon
ymbe hyra
þēodnes
træf
þearle
ġebylde,
sweorcendferhðe.
Hī ðā
somod
ealle
270
ongunnon
cohhetan,
ċirman
hlūde
ond
gristbitian
(gōde
orfeorme)
mid
tōðon,
torn
þoliġende.
Þā wæs hyra
tīres
æt
ende,
ēades
ond
ellendǣda.
Hogedon
þā
eorlas
āweċċan
hyra
winedryhten;
him
wiht
ne
spēow.
275
Þā wearð
sīð
ond
late
sum
tō ðām
arod
þāra
beadorinca
þæt hē in þæt
būrġeteld
nīðheard
nēðde
swā hyne
nȳd
fordrāf.
Funde
ðā on
bedde
blācne
licgan
his
goldġifan
gǣstes
ġēsne,
280
līfes
belidenne.
Hē þā
lungre
ġefēoll
frēoriġ
tō
foldan,
ongan
his
feax
teran
hrēoh
on
mōde,
ond
his
hræġl
somod,
ond þæt
word
ācwæð
tō ðām
wiġġendum
þe ðǣr
unrōte
ūte
wǣron:
285
"Hēr ys
ġeswutelod
ūre
sylfra
forwyrd,
tōweard
ġetācnod,
þæt þǣre
tīde
ys
mid
nīðum
nēah
ġeðrungen
þe
wē sculon
nȳde
losian,
somod
æt
sæċċe
forweorðan.
Hēr
līð
sweorde
ġehēawen,
behēafdod
healdend
ūre."
Hī ðā
hrēowiġmōde
290
wurpon
hyra
wǣpen
ofdūne,
ġewitan
him
wēriġferhðe
on
flēam
sceacan.
Him mon
feaht
on
lāst
mæġenēacen
folc
oð
se
mǣsta
dǣl
þæs
heriġes
læġ
hilde
ġesǣġed
on ðām
siġewonge,
sweordum
ġehēawen
295
wulfum
tō
willan
ond ēac
wælġīfrum
fuglum
tō
frōfre.
Flugon
ðā ðe
lyfdon,
lāðra
lindwerod.
Him on
lāste
fōr
swēot
Ebrēa
sigore
ġeweorðod,
dōme
ġedȳrsod;
him
fēng
Dryhten God
300
fæġre
on
fultum,
Frēa
ælmihtiġ.
Hī ðā
fromlīċe
fāgum
swyrdum
hæleð
hiġerōfe
herpað
worhton
þurh
lāðra
ġemong,
linde
hēowon,
scildburh
scǣron.
Scēotend
wǣron
305
gūðe
ġegremede
guman
Ebrisce;
þeġnas
on ðā
tīd
þearle
ġelyste
gārġewinnes.
Þǣr on
grēot
ġefēoll
se
hȳhsta
dǣl
hēafodġerīmes
Assiria
ealdorduguðe,
310
lāðan
cynnes.
Lȳthwōn
becōm
cwicera
tō
cȳððe.
Ċirdon
cynerōfe
wiġġend
on
wiðertrod,
wælscel
oninnan
rēocende
hrǣw.
Rūm
wæs
tō nimanne
londbūendum
on ðām
lāðestan,
315
hyra
ealdfēondum
unlyfiġendum
heolfriġ
hererēaf,
hyrsta
scȳne,
bord
ond
brādswyrd,
brūne
helmas,
dȳre
mādmas.
Hæfdon
dōmlīċe
on ðām
folcstede
fȳnd
oferwunnen
320
ēðelweardas,
ealdhettende
swyrdum
āswefede.
Hīe on
swaðe
reston,
þā ðe him
tō
līfe
lāðost
wǣron
cwicera
cynna.
Þā sēo
cnēoris
eall,
mǣġða
mǣrost,
ānes
mōnðes
fyrst,
325
wlanc,
wundenlocc,
wǣgon
ond
lǣddon
tō ðǣre
beorhtan
byriġ,
Bēthūliam,
helmas
ond
hupseax,
hāre
byrnan,
gūðsceorp
gumena
golde
ġefrætewod,
mǣrra
mādma
þonne mon ǣniġ
330
āsecgan
mæġe
searoþoncelra.
Eal þæt ðā
ðēodguman
þrymme
ġeēodon,
cēne
under
cumblum
on
compwīġe
þurh
Iūdithe
glēawe
lāre,
mæġð
mōdiġre.
Hī tō
mēde
hyre
335
of ðām
sīðfate
sylfre
brōhton,
eorlas
æscrōfe,
Hōlofernes
sweord
ond
swātiġne
helm,
swylċe ēac
sīde
byrnan
ġerēnode
rēadum
golde;
ond eal þæt se
rinca
baldor
swīðmōd
sinces
āhte
oððe
sundoryrfes,
340
bēaga
ond
beorhtra
māðma,
hī þæt þǣre
beorhtan
idese
āġēafon
ġearoþoncolre.
Ealles ðæs
Iūdith
sæġde
wuldor
weroda
Dryhtne,
þe hyre
weorðmynde
ġeaf
mǣrðe
on
moldan
rīċe,
swylċe ēac
mēde
on heofonum,
sigorlēan
in
sweġles
wuldre,
þæs þe
hēo
āhte
sōðne
ġelēafan
345
tō ðām
ælmihtigan;
hūru
æt þām
ende
ne
twēode
þæs
lēanes
þe hēo
lange
ġyrnde.
Ðæs sȳ ðām
lēofan
Drihtne
wuldor
tō
wīdan
aldre,
þe
ġesceōp
wind
ond
lyfte,
roderas
ond
rūme
grundas,
swylċe ēac
rēðe
strēamas
ond
sweġles
drēamas,
ðurh his sylfes
miltse.